This is part of a Globe series that explores our growing dependence on credit — from the average household to massive institutions — and the looming risks for a nation addicted to cheap money. Join the conversation on Twitter with the hashtag #DebtBinge
Remember when?
The house Steve Douglas and his wife bought in Brampton, Ont., back in the 1980s, seems like a steal by today’s standards: It cost just $189,000. But the interest rate on his mortgage was anything but a deal – it was a whopping 18 per cent.
“We were paying about $2200 a month, and back in those days it was pretty much all we had and our entire incomes were basically sucked up by the mortgage and bills and the whole bit,” he said. “It was a horror show.”
A huge swath of Canadians are too young to remember those extraordinary days of super-high interest rates. But while a return to such heights is not a likely prospect, economists say, it wouldn’t take much of a hike to play havoc with the finances – and the psyches – of today’s homeowners.
Five-year fixed-rate mortgages were more than 15 per cent for about two years, from the fall of 1980 to the fall of 1982, peaking at just over 21 per cent in the second half of 1981. The Bank of Canada was cranking up its rates at the time, to try to stem the runaway inflation that was playing havoc with the Canadian economy.
But home buyers had to endure relatively high rates for much longer than just that stretch. Five-year fixed mortgage rates never fell below ten per cent for a full 18 years – from 1973 to 1991.
Mr. Douglas, a graphic designer who runs a company called The Logo Factory, now has a different house in Brampton (and a different wife) and his current mortgage is at 3.2 per cent. He recalls those tough days of sky-high mortgage rates as “an awful time” that he would not want to revisit.
The return to a high-interest-rate scenario would send shivers up the spine of any Gen-Xer or millennial who has just bought a house or a condo and is paying 2.79 per cent for the privilege of borrowing half-a-million dollars or more.
“We have a generation of Canadians who have never experienced high, or even rising, interest rates,” said Benjamin Tal, deputy chief economist at CIBC World Markets. “For them, those extremely low interest rates are a given.”
There are a number of reasons why rates – when they do start to rise – are unlikely to climb to the levels of the 1980s. First of all, “central bankers now have 20 or 30 years of experience fighting inflation,” Mr. Tal said, and they are not as likely to “overshoot” in their attempts to stop inflation by jacking up interest rates too sharply.
There is also less chance that inflation will gain ground in the first place, as the globalization of the past few decades has been a significant disinflationary force. Low-priced imports from developing countries have helped keep domestic prices down, and that situation is not likely to change significantly in the next while.
“I would rate it as very, very unlikely to go back to those kind of levels [of the 1980s], at least in the foreseeable future,” said Bank of Montreal chief economist Doug Porter.
One crucial structural reason for that, Mr. Porter noted, is that Canada’s demographics have shifted. In the years leading up to the 1980s, the huge baby-boom cohort was entering the labour force, buying houses and becoming big borrowers. A spike in oil prices, and high wage demands, helped pushed inflation even higher.
Now, an older population means a lower demand for funds and thus less upward pressure on prices. Unions also have less influence, and thus less power to get substantial wage increases, Mr. Porter said.
Over all, that means Canada “is less amenable to both inflation and high real interest rates,” he said. It would take a global shock that dramatically boosts inflation to produce a big upward blip in rates, and “frankly I don’t see the circumstances right now that would trigger that.”
Even if inflation does begin to raise its head, or the economy heats up to a degree that makes the central bank begin to worry, a small rate rise would probably be enough to cool things off.
In that case, Mr. Tal said, the “disease” of interest-rate sensitivity would also provide the cure. And when rates do go up, the Bank of Canada is likely to move very slowly, testing the waters with incremental increases and carefully monitoring the impact.
Essentially, Mr. Tal said, the “neutral” rate of interest is not as high as it used to be. “Ten per cent back then is maybe 5 per cent today,” he said. “It is a totally different era.”
But for homeowners who have stretched themselves financially to buy expensive houses, even a small increase in rates could be a shock, Mr. Tal said. “You don’t have to go back to ten per cent to have a significant impact.”
The reason why small increases in interest rates could be so damaging to borrowers – especially mortgage-holders – is that Canadians now have far more debt relative to their incomes than they did in decades past.
In the early 1990s – as far back as the Statistics Canada numbers go – Canadians, on average, owed between 87 and 95 per cent of their annual disposable income. Since 2012, that ratio of debt to disposable income has risen to 163 per cent.
That hasn’t crippled families though, because low interest rates have kept payments reasonable. The debt-service ratio – the interest actually paid out relative to disposable income, has fallen from about 10 per cent in 1990 to less than seven per cent today.
If rates go up – and not even remotely close to the levels of the 1980s – many people will be paying out a far greater proportion of their income in interest, possibly forcing some to abandon their houses or declare bankruptcy. And a correction in the housing market would be an inevitable corollary.
“People that take new debt definitely must take this into account,” Mr. Tal said. “Even if the likelihood of rates going back to 10 per cent is close to zero, a much, much smaller interest-rate increase can be as significant, in terms of the damage.”
Mr. Douglas, the graphic designer who survived his painfully high mortgage rate of the 1980s, has a similar warning. “You can afford it now, but all the needle has to do is move a bit, and you are done,” he said. “It only takes a point or two. You will lose everything.”
Fortunately, it looks likes rates won’t be turning upward for some time yet. Mr. Porter notes that the long-term bond market has adopted the view that lower rates are here to stay for a very long time. “The government of Canada can borrow money for 30 years for less than 2 per cent,” he said. “That is incredible.”
Still, he added a final note of caution: “When interest rates turn, they could rise more quickly than many expect.”
HOW GLOBAL EVENTS HAVE SHAPED RATES
Aug. 1971: U.S. president Richard Nixon cuts U.S. dollar’s link with gold, letting the currency float freely
Oct. 1973: Arab oil embargo causes crude-oil prices to quadruple
Oct. 1975: Pierre Trudeau government introduces wage and price controls under the Anti-Inflation Act
Early 1978: Wage and price controls are phased out in Canada
Jan. 1979: The Shah of Iran is overthrown and revolutionary government cuts oil production; prices soar
Early 1980: U.S. Fed chair Paul Volcker pushes up rates and tightens money supply to fight inflation
Sept. 1981: Canadian five-year mortgage rate peaks at more than 21 per cent
Early 1982: North American economy begins to improve and inflation slips
Dec. 1991: Five-year mortgage rate in Canada falls below 10 per cent for the first time since 1973
July 1997: The “Asian Contagion,” a financial crisis primarily centred in Asia, begins with the collapse of the Thai Baht
Sept. 1998: Fed chair Alan Greenspan cuts U.S. rates to keep the Asian financial crisis from affecting the U.S. economy
Dec. 1999: Worry over Y2K, a potential computer bug resulting from the shift to a new millennium, causes uncertainty in global markets
Sept. 2008: The U.S. financial crisis spreads around the globe after the bankruptcy of Lehman Bros.
June 2010: Bank of Canada becomes the first G7 central bank to (slightly) raise rates after the recession