Maia Grecco/The Globe and Mail
Hey! It’s Samantha and Jack, the editors of Well-Versed. We’re really glad you’re joining us for the next six weeks − we’ll be with you right up until the federal election. Each week, we’ll break down a new political topic, and this week, we’re getting you well-versed on housing affordability.
Housing is a fundamental need of every Canadian, and while the quality, availability and affordability of housing varies widely across the country, communities from coast to coast are feeling the squeeze from at least one of these concerns.
Most major Canadian cities do not have viable living options for minimum-wage workers, of which there are more than 1 million across the country. A July study from the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives found that there are few neighbourhoods where those workers could comfortably afford an average-priced one-bedroom apartment − only 9 per cent of 795 neighbourhoods studied, to be exact.
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And what exactly constitutes “affordable” housing? Definitions are contentious, and last month big-city mayors called on the federal parties to overhaul the term “affordable” when it comes to housing costs to include the cost of commuting from cheaper suburbs into urban centres where most of the jobs are.
Quality is also a concern: a study from the Federation of Canadian Municipalities notes that a huge proportion of purpose-built apartments are old and in need of renovation, with 76 per cent of all rental units being more than 35 years old.
When we talk about the problems Canada faces in the realm of housing, what do we mean? Let’s break it down:
Low-to-no vacancy
Canada’s rental market has such a low overall vacancy rate that many can’t even find a place to dicker with a landlord over prices. Toronto and Vancouver tend to hog headlines about vacancy with their rates sitting at about 1 per cent, but are by no means the be-all-end-all of the issue; many other areas of the country face the same problems. For example, Prince Edward Island’s apartment vacancy rate plunged to 0.3 per cent in 2018.
To give you a better picture, a vacancy rate generally regarded as “healthy” for renters is about 3 per cent.
Research shows that rental tenures are getting longer and the mobility rate of renters is decreasing, meaning that Canadians are sticking with their rental situations longer as opposed to moving around. This could be for a variety of financially motivated reasons, but many say they’re just clinging to affordable rent for as long as they can.
Airbnb is exacerbating the low-vacancy issue as not just owners, but “commercial operators” − those operating multiple listings − increasingly turn to the website instead of renting traditionally. A recent McGill University report found that more than 31,000 homes (including condos) were rented out so often on Airbnb in 2018 that they were likely removed from Canada’s long-term rental supply. That amounts to about 1.5 per cent of residences across the country that were built for the rental market.
Globe reporter Matt Lundy profiled the Canadian housing crisis, which he says has been “decades in the making.” He points out that because of all of these overlapping issues, “renters are often forced to stay in substandard, abusive or cramped conditions.” If you’re curious as to how we got to this place, read his piece.
High costs, the property-value problem and foreign ownership
Rents are rising across the country: data from Statistics Canada this year revealed that the rent component of the Consumer Price Index (an inflation indicator) jumped this year in the largest leap since 1992.
Intimately tied to rent prices are property values themselves, and Canadian real estate markets have gone gangbusters in the past decade.
This isn’t just an urban problem; a recent Globe and Mail investigation found that the most financially stressed neighbourhoods in the country are in the suburbs, where the dream of a green lawn and white picket fence is no longer a viable reality. Canada’s total household debt has hit a record $2.2-trillion, and Canadian households are carrying debt equal to 177 per cent of annual disposable income.
As personal finance columnist Rob Carrick writes, “We claim to have sophisticated, internationally appealing cities with deservedly high real-estate prices, yet we expect the young people will march into home ownership as they did a generation ago. The economics of housing make this expectation look ridiculous. ... Peak housing affordability has come and gone.”
Since property brings in such good financial returns, many owners aren’t occupying their units but rather holding them as investments. Sometimes, this even means leaving units empty while renters struggle to find vacancies.
The surge in Canadian real estate investors, particularly in B.C. and Ontario’s Golden Horseshoe, includes many foreign buyers. Foreign owners contributed to limiting the housing supply, and were profiting off of it, prompting the B.C. and Ontario governments to implement foreign buyers taxes in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The Globe found in May that Ontario pulled in $200-million in one year from this tax.
The current government’s approach and the Liberal vision
Let’s start with the latest news: In an attempt to appeal to young voters, Justin Trudeau announced Thursday that, if re-elected, a Liberal government would expand the first-time home-buyer program that was introduced in this year’s federal budget to boost affordability in major centres. He also unveiled a national 1-per-cent tax on non-Canadians who leave their homes in Canada empty while living abroad.
The Liberals launched a National Housing Strategy in late 2017, which is being led by the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). The strategy was billed as a $40-billion commitment to reducing homelessness and improving the affordability and availability of housing for “Canadians in need.” (After the 2019 budget announcements, released just a few months before the coming election, the plan is now priced at $55-billion plus.)
Part of the strategy has included throwing federal money at local issues: In mid-August, Ottawa earmarked $184-million in loans and grants for Vancouver, meant to bolster the city’s affordable-housing projects. This is just one example − there have been at least 45 announcements about federal dollars to be contributed to housing developments since January.
But experts are questioning this approach, and say that it doesn’t come close to fulfilling promises.
If you’re a numbers nerd, you can track federal spending on housing affordability using the Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer’s assessment. It found that the CMHC plans to spend an average of $2.8-billion a year over the national strategy’s 10-year term − which actually only amounts to a 15-per-cent increase in nominal spending. The Office also found a 14-per-cent reduction in funding “intended to help low-income households compared with the 10-year historical average.”
Additionally, the Office notes, the strategy does not “bind future parliaments to commit” spending on housing programs.
What do we know about where the other parties stand?
- The Conservatives have yet to reveal their complete platform on housing, but Leader Andrew Scheer has previously pledged to revisit mortgage-qualification rules and review reintroducing 30-year amortizations on insured mortgages. Scheer told the CBC last month that he would look to the supply side of housing to address affordability, including investments in infrastructure to make room for development. The party has also committed to remove the GST from home-heating and energy bills.
- The NDP pledges to create 500,000 new units of quality affordable housing over the next decade in partnership with provinces and municipalities. This would begin with a $5-billion investment in the first year and a half of an NDP government and with the creation of funds to spur the construction of co-op, social and affordable housing. The party says it is also committed to waiving the federal portion of the GST/HST on the construction of new affordable rental units, providing immediate relief to families struggling to pay rent. The NDP says it would also address affordability issues from foreign ownership by implementing a federal foreign buyer’s tax and creating a public property ownership registry with provinces to increase transparency. On the financing side, the NDP would reintroduce 30-year terms to CMHC-insured mortgages on entry-level homes for first-time buyers, double the Home Buyer’s Tax Credit to $1,500 and offer CMHC-backed co-ownership mortgages to provide resources for people interested in shared housing arrangements.
- The Green Party says housing reform is a part of the Green Party’s wider strategy to combat poverty. The party pledges to implement a national housing strategy to provide housing to every citizen. The strategy would also provide immediate support to those experiencing chronic homelessness with a culturally sensitive approach, increase access to social housing for Indigenous people on and off reserve, and invest in co-op housing to spur new affordable housing and protect current co-ops.
Matt Lundy wrote in his piece: “There’s no one issue to blame for the crisis. Instead, it springs from a combination of policy changes and tax reforms that have made rental construction less appealing, demographic shifts that mean demand is growing faster than supply, and a seemingly unstoppable housing market that has put home ownership out of reach for all but the wealthiest.”
“And there’s no quick fix.”
Solving Canada’s housing crisis comes at the nexus of complex policy issues that cross federal, provincial and municipal lines. It could include changes to mortgage regulations, tax adjustments, funds for new social-housing development and a plan that dovetails with environmental policies. It will also require a concerted level of provincial-federal co-operation.
So when the federal parties propose housing solutions, be critical and understand that there’s neither a single nor a simple solution.
IN YOUR COMMUNITY
Enter one of the minor kings of the Airbnb market: commercial operator Ke (David) Wang. By buying at least five houses and buildings in downtown Toronto to the tune of more than $8.5-million, Wang has created a “mini-empire of short-term rentals,” with his fiefdom consisting of dozens of listings. Another word for this is “ghost hotel” − a network of units not connected by one physical building. The Globe reported on May 2 that Wang reportedly made repeated use of an eviction loophole to remove tenants from long-term rental units in the city’s downtown core. He then used the space for his Airbnb pursuits.
HEADLINERS
- In the early days of the campaign, Scheer reintroduced the idea of a public transit tax credit, scrapped by the Liberals in the 2017 budget, as part of his party’s environmental plan. It would give public transit users a 15-per-cent credit at tax time.
- Scheer, Jagmeet Singh and Elizabeth May took to the Macleans/Citytv debate stage late last week for the first major leaders’ debate. Trudeau opted to skip the debate. The leaders clashed on the economy, social programs and climate change as they tried to articulate their positions.
- The first day of the campaign left the Green Party contending with inflammatory statements by three of its candidates, leaving one candidate expelled, another issuing an apology and a third receiving a talking-to from May. All this has put the party’s reliance on a self-disclosure policy in the spotlight.
- The Conservative Party has been putting up flyers on at least one university campus suggesting that professors are agents of left-wing indoctrination. Surprise, surprise: academics and faculty representatives aren’t pleased.
If you’re a Globe subscriber, be sure to also sign up for our regular Politics Briefing newsletter, written every weekday by deputy politics editor Chris Hannay. He will be ramping up his election coverage of all the big headlines and campaign trail news to keep you informed.