This painting, Side By Side by Toronto artist Charles Pachter, became a symbol of Canada-U.S. solidarity in the fall of 2001. "I painted it two months after 9/11," he says. "Following this American tragedy, hundreds of Canadian neighbours flew down to New York City in December, 2001. At the Roseland Ballroom I signed 2,000 copies of the print created from the painting, and we raised nearly $1-million for the NYC fire department.”Charles Pachter
Laura Dawson is the director of the Canada Institute at the Wilson Center in Washington. An earlier version of this article was originally published in The Wilson Quarterly.
There have been two constants in my sociopolitical understanding of the world. One has been the embeddedness of the United States within my identity as a Canadian. The other is the belief that liberal internationalism, while imperfect, is the best way to achieve a mostly fair, mostly peaceful world order. Today, both of those ideas are under fire.
When I was growing up in the 1970s and 1980s, Americans and American-ness were part of the daily lives of Canadians in ways that were intrinsic and unquestioned. In our house, we watched the three American TV channels, ABC, CBS and NBC, and two Canadian ones, CBC and CTV. As the nightly news flickered on the black-and-white TV screen, my five-year-old self did not see the difference between Pierre Trudeau suspending civil rights to quell separatist terrorism in Quebec and the killing of student protesters at Kent State by the National Guard. In the years before that, Expo 67 brought the world to Montreal and in 1969, Apollo 11 took men to the moon. These are the threads that fed the warp and weft of identity for many Canadians of my generation – an identity that is more North American than strictly Canadian.
Then came Sept. 11, 2001. External threats robbed us of easy trips across the border for work, shopping, a beer or a ball game, but the circumstances then were so dire that Canadians did not question the need for greater vigilance. Even though the attacks occurred on U.S. territory, the shockwaves reverberated across our two countries, and Canadians searched for ways to support our neighbours and our friends during this terrible time. In the aftermath of the attacks, it was a Canadian commander on duty at the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) who issued the order to close North American airspace. Residents of Gander, N.L., sheltered 6,700 Americans stranded on flights from Europe. And, on Sept. 14, prime minister Jean Chrétien declared a national day of mourning in honour of the victims. Tens of thousands of Canadians gathered on Parliament Hill. I was one of those Canadians standing on the grass on that hot September day.
We felt not only sympathy for our American neighbours, but also the chilling recognition that the violent invasions that had spared North America through two world wars had finally come to our territory. Addressing the crowd that day, Mr. Chrétien quoted Martin Luther King, who said that in difficult times, it is not the words of your enemies that matter, but the silence of your friends. “There will be no silence from Canada,” the prime minister said. “Our friendship has no limit.”
Or does it? Looking back on Sept. 14, 2001, I wonder whether Canadians will ever again feel that same sense of solidarity with the United States. Will our flags ever overlap as proudly and easily as they did then?
Sept. 14, 2001: Canadian and U.S. flags, with a black ribbon attached, fly over a crowd on Parliament Hill, where tens of thousands, including Laura Dawson, gathered to pay tribute to the 9/11 victims.TOM HANSON/The Canadian Press
The 2001 event was attended by then-prime minister Jean Chrétien, governor-general Adrienne Clarkson and U.S. ambassador to Canada Paul Cellucci.JIM YOUNG/Reuters
Friendship as the first casualty of a trade war
The economic relationship between the United States and Canada is the largest between any two countries in the world. Trade across the border amounted to about $675-billion last year. It is not surprising, then, that trade has been the major battlefield in the “America First”/“Make America Great Again” era.
Yes, any trade relationship of the size and complexity of the Canada-U.S. relationship will hit some bumps. In the pre-MAGA era, we made routine complaints about irritants that we really didn’t expect to change, because we recognized that these occupied areas of political sensitivity in the other country. Canadians complained about the Jones Act’s restrictions on maritime shipping and the 25-per-cent tariff on light trucks. Americans complained about Canadian cultural policies prohibiting foreign ownership in the broadcast industry and a highly restrictive market for dairy imports.
Irritants that were serious enough to move beyond routine grousing were sent to dispute-settlement mechanisms under the North American free-trade agreement. It is worth recalling that the purpose of these agreements – like many other institutions of the liberal international order – is to provide a rules-based, transparent system that helps to minimize the influence of short-term political interests on long-term market efficiency and collective prosperity.
But in the era of MAGA, routine irritants are no longer dealt with routinely. Attacks lobbed by the White House at Canada and other allies have escalated from accusations of unfair trading to the imposition of punitive tariffs and threats to rip up key trade agreements. The White House dismisses rules-based frameworks for settling disputes as traps for suckers.
On Twitter, U.S. President Donald Trump takes a swipe at Canada during a heated moment in Canada-U.S. trade talks.
What crossed the line for many Canadians, however, was the grounds upon which U.S. President Donald Trump imposed tariffs on Canadian steel and aluminum this spring: “national security concerns.” Previously, when the tariffs had been threatened but not levied, the President tweeted that they were simply a means to gain leverage at the NAFTA negotiating table. Congress-watchers remind us that by using national security as a justification, the President can impose tariffs much more broadly than he could otherwise, and without lawmakers’ approval. Yes, Canadians understand that the Mr. Trump's intention is political optics – but we are offended at a visceral level that our American allies have announced to the world that Canada is not to be trusted.
Imposing national-security tariffs on Canada is insupportable in fact. Canada is a long-time co-production partner on military equipment and in 2018, NORAD marked 60 years of binational defence of our shared airspace. The same Canadian steel being targeted by the U.S. President was used to rebuild the World Trade Center. Canadian political scientist David Haglund notes that not only is Canada the longest continuing ally of the United States, but because we share a common territory, Canada “is also the ally whose own security and defence interests are most tightly enmeshed with America’s and vice versa.”
Then-U.S. president John F. Kennedy visits Ottawa with Canadian prime minister John Diefenbaker in 1961, in an era that saw renewed co-operation between the two countries on defence issues.The Canadian Press
With a population one-10th the size of the United States’ and an overabundance of civility, many Canadians have felt their country is the junior partner in the relationship – more adaptable, but also more sensitive to slights. Even though Canadians have griped about American bellicosity and heavy-handedness, we have also believed president John Kennedy’s famous quote about the natural necessity of our alliance:
"Geography has made us neighbours. History has made us friends. Economics has made us partners. And necessity has made us allies. Those whom nature hath so joined together, let no man put asunder. What unites us is far greater than what divides us."
In the United States, political outrage has become a national sport, but Canadians don’t do outrage very well. Their anger goes introspective. There is now a growing sense that we’ve been duped into investing in a relationship that was never as strong as we thought it was. It is dawning on Canadians that Americans – or at least those in charge – don’t think much of us or think of us much at all. It is as though Canadians look at Americans through one end of a telescope – everything looks close up and large – while Americans look at Canadians through the other end of the lens – small, distant and unimportant.
I wonder if decision-makers in Washington, let alone the President, realize how Canadians are interpreting the recent developments, whether they care and whether they realize what the practical consequences may be.
Economic costs of the trade wars
Notwithstanding our generally friendly history, Canadians and Americans have had bitter disagreements in the past. President Johnson once accused prime minister Lester Pearson of “pissing on my rug,” when the latter was critical of U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Richard Nixon and Pierre Trudeau were frequently at odds over missile defence. But these disputes were about something – a disagreement over principle or policy direction. Since today’s trade wars have no basis in fact, we don’t know what we’re fighting over and we don’t know what to do next.
Tariffs are essentially taxes: The cost of import tariffs imposed must be paid by U.S. importers and consumers, while the cost of retaliatory tariffs is born by American manufacturers and exporters who become less competitive in other markets. The United States has a steel trade surplus with Canada, and yes, Canada is the largest exporter of steel to the United States, but it is also the largest importer of U.S. steel because the North American market has organized itself into regional pockets of specialization. Canada produces more flat-rolled steel products and the United States produces more pipes, tubes and other long products – NAFTA made it possible for these products to move easily throughout the continent as if the border didn’t exist. Now, by some estimates, for every American job in steel and aluminum processing that the tariffs protect, another 80 American manufacturing jobs are threatened. In short, both Canadians and Americans are suffering because of tariffs that make no economic sense.
The numbers show nearly 9 per cent of U.S. exports to Mexico and Canada are now, or will soon be, subject to tariffs imposed in retaliation. Add to that a rapidly escalating set of tariffs and countermeasures between China and the United States over intellectual property and technology disputes, and a substantial part of U.S. trade is at risk. Also, the cost of tariffs is not shared equally across the economy. They will hardly be felt by industries in some sectors, but will wipe out profits in others, such as agriculture.
To be sure, the combination of U.S. tariffs hurts the intended targets as well. Canada and Mexico are not only facing down billions in tariffs in their largest export market, they are also struggling with declines in investment, as enterprises put new spending on ice while waiting for stability to return to the North American market. The Bank of Canada forecasts a drop of at least 2 per cent in business investment and a 1-per-cent drop in exports by 2020 as a result of trade uncertainty and these projections were published before the “national security” round of the trade war began. Since the national-security tariffs took effect, two-way trade in targeted products has plummeted. Statistics Canada reports that Canadian exports of steel to the United States dropped by 36 per cent between April and July.
Canadians are also reacting to trade wars and NAFTA gripes by trying, and trying again, to understand the thinking of the highly unorthodox U.S. President. Mr. Trump’s The Art of the Deal sets out a formula for making extreme demands and threats in order to extract concessions. David Honig, an expert on negotiations strategy at Indiana University, argues this kind of bargaining creates bad faith, and therefore only works in one-time interactions: If you renege on your bill with a cabinetmaker working on your casino, you can always find another cabinetmaker for your next casino. However, in a complex and interdependent world, characterized by multiple interactions in multiple spheres, from immigration to continental defence, “There isn’t another Canada,” Mr. Honig writes. Our interactions are repeated, and good outcomes rely on trust and shared interests.
Jan. 20, 2017: Then president-elect Donald Trump arrives for his swearing-in ceremony in front of the U.S. Capitol. His inauguration speech included a promise for an "America First" strategy on global trade, foreign policy and more.BRENDAN SMIALOWSKI/AFP/Getty Images
Does 'America First' mean the end of liberal internationalism?
In trade as well as other areas of international co-operation, such as security and climate, the U.S. pursuit of “America First” is predicated on breaking traditional alliances. Says New York Times columnist Bret Stephens:
"It’s fair to say that the U.S. could use its leverage to negotiate more advantageous trade deals. It isn’t fair to insist on politically untenable trade concessions he knows other countries won’t make … in order to destroy these agreements permanently while blaming the other side."
What, Mr. Stephens asks, is the upside of a feared and isolated America? Since the Second World War, the United States has advanced and perpetuated the ideals of liberal internationalism. Yes, it often paid more than its share or stepped forward when others stepped back – but, in return, the United States was able to shape the rules of the global order in line with its interests and priorities. For example, strong intellectual rules that are enforced by the World Trade Organization are a direct reflection of U.S. interest in protecting its intellectual property around the world. The rules for settling investment disputes that U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer is so eager to purge from NAFTA are drawn directly from U.S. commercial policy, and the United States has never lost an investor-state case brought against it under NAFTA.
Part of the MAGA trade agenda involves replacing multiparty agreements with bilateral ones, because in Art-of-the-Deal negotiating, it is easier to extract advantages from one weaker opponent than from several who could form a coalition against you. However, despite claims to the contrary, countries are not lining up to ink new trade agreements with Washington. Indeed, they are being dissuaded by bullying tactics. Said Japanese Deputy Prime Minister Taro Aso, “When two countries negotiate, the stronger country gets stronger.”
There is no doubt that MAGA is hard on the neighbours, but aggressive protectionism is doing short-term harm to the U.S. economy and appears to be inflicting long-term damage to U.S. credibility. The outspoken European Council President, Donald Tusk, assesses U.S. defection from liberal internationalism in starker terms: “Europe should be grateful [to] President Trump, because thanks to him, we have got rid of old illusions. He has made us realize that if you need a helping hand, you will find one at the end of your arm.”
Similarly, European parliamentarian Christian Ehler, chair of the European Union delegation for relations with the United States, says Mr. Trump “is rather a gravedigger for the postwar order, which the United States itself has founded.”
And what about U.S. credibility with its neighbour to the north? Allies in the United States try to reassure Canadians that things will return to normal eventually. It’s just a president playing to a political base. Even if that were the case, it does not do a thing to negate the consequences and the collateral damage.
Canadian Foreign Minister Affairs Chrystia Freeland.YVES HERMAN/Reuters
In early June, just prior to the blow-up between Mr. Trump and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau at the Group of Seven, Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland spoke about the loosening bonds between the United States and Canada and the erosion of liberal internationalism:
"The fact that our friend and ally has come to question the very worth of its mantle of global leadership puts into sharper focus the need for the rest of us to set our own clear and sovereign course. For Canada, that course must be the renewal, indeed the strengthening, of the postwar multilateral order."
That is certainly a laudable goal, but Canada’s success is much more likely with the United States than without it. In recent days, we have begun to see the signs that Americans are remembering their unique role in the world and the principles upon which their country was founded. At the funeral for Republican senator John McCain, Barack Obama reminded Americans that U.S. influence is not just the product of wealth or coercive powers “but from our capacity to inspire others with our adherence to a set of universal values like rule of law and human rights and insistence on the God-given dignity of every human being.”
Meanwhile, long-term aspirations are cold comfort to Canadian business owners who are in the middle of a trade war and with the settlement of NAFTA resting on the shoulders of Canadian negotiators.
When the Canadians left the NAFTA table at the end of May, only nine out of 32 chapters were settled. The United States and Mexico continued bilateral talks and announced a finished deal last month. The reality is that many issues important to Canada – and also to the broader North American business community – remain unresolved, so Canada has resumed meetings in Washington to try to reach a deal.
Important issues ranging from intellectual property to agriculture need to be settled within a negotiating environment that swings between political theatre and productive bargaining. Negotiators from both sides are working in earnest to get the deal done, knowing that they are one tweet away – or the publication of leaked off-the-record remarks – from having all their hard work derailed.
Get caught up with the latest developments in our guide to the North American free-trade agreement.
Canada’s strongest assets now, and throughout this fight. are U.S. supply chain partners – including organized labour – who are working to convince the White House that dismantling agreements that support efficient cross-border production hurts, rather than helps, American workers.
Individual Canadians are also trying to push back in limited ways. Recent polling says seven out of 10 Canadians plan to stop buying U.S. goods or travelling to the United States as a result of President Trump’s trade wars. Canadians have restarted a boycott of Heinz ketchup that initially blew up in 2014 after the manufacturer closed a plant in southern Ontario, and this year, many Canadian politicians declined their invitation to the U.S. ambassador’s Fourth of July party. Said Ottawa Mayor Jim Watson, “I’ve politely declined because I’m not happy with the direction of the American government and their constant attacks on our country.” These actions are more symbolic than substantive.
The substance, though, is there. A quote widely attributed to Winston Churchill is “Americans can always be trusted to do the right thing, once all other possibilities have been exhausted.” Maybe so. But even if the United States reverts to its role as ally and friend, Canada may never again accept the relationship with the same faith as it did in the pre-MAGA era. That’s not only true on the national, policy-making level, but, I wager, on the personal level, for many Canadians. Myself included. That is a loss that goes far beyond the balance sheet.
JIM YOUNG/Reuters