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DigitalBridge Announces First Quarter 2023 Financial Results

Business Wire - Wed May 3, 2023

DigitalBridge Group, Inc. (NYSE: DBRG) and subsidiaries (collectively, “DigitalBridge,” or the “Company”) today announced financial results for the first quarter ended March 31, 2023.

This press release features multimedia. View the full release here: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230503005323/en/

"We made steady progress during the quarter on our key strategic priorities for 2023, putting us on track to achieve our capital formation and corporate simplification goals," said Marc Ganzi, CEO of DigitalBridge. "We see increasingly compelling opportunities to deploy capital in a more rational market environment as well as supporting the continued growth of our portfolio companies as they build next generation networks to meet growing demand for connectivity and compute." (Graphic: Business Wire)

A First Quarter 2023 Earnings Presentation and a Supplemental Financial Report are available in the Events & Presentations and Financial Information sections, respectively, of the Shareholders tab on the Company’s website at www.digitalbridge.com. This information has also been furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in a Current Report on Form 8-K.

"We made steady progress during the quarter on our key strategic priorities for 2023, putting us on track to achieve our capital formation and corporate simplification goals," said Marc Ganzi, CEO of DigitalBridge. "We see increasingly compelling opportunities to deploy capital in a more rational market environment as well as supporting the continued growth of our portfolio companies as they build next generation networks to meet growing demand for connectivity and compute."

The Company reported first quarter 2023 total revenues of $250 million, GAAP net loss attributable to common stockholders of $(212) million, or $(1.34) per share, and Distributable Earnings of $(3) million, or $(0.02) per share.

Common and Preferred Dividends

On April 27, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.01 per common share to be paid on July 17, 2023 to shareholders of record at the close of business on June 30, 2023; and declared cash dividends with respect to each series of the Company’s cumulative redeemable perpetual preferred stock in accordance with the terms of such series, as follows: Series H preferred stock: $0.4453125 per share; Series I preferred stock: $0.446875 per share; and Series J preferred stock: $0.4453125 per share, which will be paid on July 17, 2023 to the respective stockholders of record on July 11, 2023.

First Quarter 2023 Conference Call

The Company will conduct an earnings conference call and presentation to discuss the First Quarter 2023 financial results on Wednesday, May 3, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time (ET). The earnings presentation will be broadcast live over the Internet and a webcast link can be accessed on the Shareholders section of the Company’s website at ir.digitalbridge.com/events. To participate in the event by telephone, please dial (877) 407-4018 ten minutes prior to the start time (to allow time for registration). International callers should dial (201) 689-8471.

For those unable to participate during the live call, a replay will be available starting May 3, 2023, at 3:00 p.m. ET. To access the replay, dial (844) 512-2921 (U.S.), and use passcode 13737618. International callers should dial (412) 317-6671 and enter the same conference ID number.

About DigitalBridge Group, Inc.

DigitalBridge (NYSE: DBRG) is a leading global digital infrastructure firm. With a heritage of over 25 years investing in and operating businesses across the digital ecosystem including cell towers, data centers, fiber, small cells, and edge infrastructure, the DigitalBridge team manages a $69 billion portfolio of digital infrastructure assets on behalf of its limited partners and shareholders. Headquartered in Boca Raton, DigitalBridge has key offices in New York, Los Angeles, London, Luxembourg and Singapore. For more information, visit: www.digitalbridge.com.

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This press release may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” or “potential” or the negative of these words and phrases or similar words or phrases which are predictions of or indicate future events or trends and which do not relate solely to historical matters. You can also identify forward-looking statements by discussions of strategy, plans or intentions.

Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions and contingencies, many of which are beyond the Company’s control, and may cause the Company’s actual results to differ significantly from those expressed in any forward-looking statement. Factors that might cause such a difference include, without limitation, our ability to grow our business by raising capital for our funds and the companies that we manage; our position as an owner and investment manager of digital infrastructure and our ability to manage any related conflicts of interest; adverse changes in general economic and political conditions, including those resulting from supply chain difficulties, inflation, interest rate increases, a potential economic slowdown or a recession; our exposure to business risks in Europe, Asia and other foreign markets; our ability to obtain and maintain financing arrangements, including securitizations, on favorable or comparable terms or at all; the ability of our managed companies to attract and retain key customers and to provide reliable services without disruption; the reliance of our managed companies on third-party suppliers for power, network connectivity and certain other services; our ability to increase assets under management ("AUM") and expand our existing and new investment strategies; our ability to integrate and maintain consistent standards and controls, including our ability to manage our acquisitions in the digital infrastructure and investment management industries effectively; our business and investment strategy, including the ability of the businesses in which we have significant investments to execute their business strategies; performance of our investments relative to our expectations and the impact on our actual return on invested equity, as well as the cash provided by these investments and available for distribution; our ability to deploy capital into new investments consistent with our investment management strategies; the availability of, and competition for, attractive investment opportunities and the earnings profile of such new investments; our ability to achieve any of the anticipated benefits of certain joint ventures, including any ability for such ventures to create and/or distribute new investment products; our expected hold period for our assets and the impact of any changes in our expectations on the carrying value of such assets; the general volatility of the securities markets in which we participate; the market value of our assets; interest rate mismatches between our assets and any borrowings used to fund such assets; effects of hedging instruments on our assets; the impact of economic conditions on third parties on which we rely; the impact of any security incident or deficiency affecting our systems or network or the system and network of any of our managed companies or service providers; any litigation and contractual claims against us and our affiliates, including potential settlement and litigation of such claims; our levels of leverage; the impact of legislative, regulatory and competitive changes, including those related to privacy and data protection; the impact of our transition from a real estate investment trust ("REIT") to a taxable C corporation for tax purposes, and the related liability for corporate and other taxes; whether we will be able to utilize existing tax attributes to offset taxable income to the extent contemplated; our ability to maintain our exemption from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”); changes in our board of directors or management team, and availability of qualified personnel; our ability to make or maintain distributions to our stockholders; and our understanding of and ability to successfully navigate the competitive landscape in which we and our managed companies operate and other risks and uncertainties, including those detailed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 under the heading “Risk Factors,” as such factors may be updated from time to time in the Company’s subsequent periodic filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). All forward-looking statements reflect the Company’s good faith beliefs, assumptions and expectations, but they are not guarantees of future performance. Additional information about these and other factors can be found in the Company’s reports filed from time to time with the SEC.

The Company cautions investors not to unduly rely on any forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this press release. The Company is under no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this press release, nor to conform prior statements to actual results or revised expectations, and the Company does not intend to do so.

 

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except per share data)

 

 

 

March 31, 2023

 

December 31, 2022

 

 

 

(unaudited)

 

 

Assets

 

 

 

 

Cash and cash equivalents

 

$

668,524

 

 

$

918,254

 

Restricted cash

 

 

155,690

 

 

 

118,485

 

Investments

 

 

1,226,952

 

 

 

1,242,001

 

Real estate

 

 

5,964,807

 

 

 

5,921,298

 

Goodwill

 

 

907,937

 

 

 

761,368

 

Deferred leasing costs and intangible assets

 

 

1,098,520

 

 

 

1,092,167

 

Other assets

 

 

642,451

 

 

 

654,050

 

Due from affiliates

 

 

67,285

 

 

 

45,360

 

Assets held for disposition

 

 

11,263

 

 

 

275,520

 

Total assets

 

$

10,743,429

 

 

$

11,028,503

 

Liabilities

 

 

 

 

Corporate debt

 

$

569,771

 

 

$

568,912

 

Non-recourse investment-level debt

 

 

4,752,050

 

 

 

4,587,228

 

Intangible liabilities

 

 

28,441

 

 

 

29,824

 

Other liabilities

 

 

1,133,568

 

 

 

1,272,096

 

Liabilities related to assets held for disposition

 

 

374

 

 

 

380

 

Total liabilities

 

 

6,484,204

 

 

 

6,458,440

 

Commitments and contingencies

 

 

 

 

Redeemable noncontrolling interests

 

 

107,413

 

 

 

100,574

 

Equity

 

 

 

 

Stockholders’ equity:

 

 

 

 

Preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share; $827,711 and $827,779 liquidation preference; 250,000 shares authorized; 33,108 and 33,111 shares issued and outstanding

 

 

800,303

 

 

 

800,355

 

Common stock, $0.04 par value per share

 

 

 

 

Class A, 949,000 shares authorized; 161,834 and 159,763 shares issued and outstanding

 

 

6,473

 

 

 

6,390

 

Class B, 1,000 shares authorized; 166 shares issued and outstanding

 

 

7

 

 

 

7

 

Additional paid-in capital

 

 

7,823,722

 

 

 

7,818,068

 

Accumulated deficit

 

 

(7,176,706

)

 

 

(6,962,613

)

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

 

 

(1,478

)

 

 

(1,509

)

Total stockholders’ equity

 

 

1,452,321

 

 

 

1,660,698

 

Noncontrolling interests in investment entities

 

 

2,650,893

 

 

 

2,743,896

 

Noncontrolling interests in Operating Company

 

 

48,598

 

 

 

64,895

 

Total equity

 

 

4,151,812

 

 

 

4,469,489

 

Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity

 

$

10,743,429

 

 

$

11,028,503

 

Supplemental Schedule to Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, unaudited)

 

 

 

Investment Management

 

Operating

 

Corporate and Other

 

 

March 31, 2023

 

December 31, 2022

 

March 31, 2023

 

December 31, 2022

 

March 31, 2023

 

December 31, 2022

Assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cash and cash equivalents

 

$

56,943

 

$

39,563

 

$

65,097

 

$

65,975

 

$

546,484

 

$

812,716

Restricted cash

 

 

2,324

 

 

2,298

 

 

152,262

 

 

114,442

 

 

1,104

 

 

1,745

Investments

 

 

345,826

 

 

395,327

 

 

6,804

 

 

4,638

 

 

874,322

 

 

842,036

Real estate

 

 

 

 

 

 

5,964,807

 

 

5,921,298

 

 

 

 

Goodwill

 

 

444,817

 

 

298,248

 

 

463,120

 

 

463,120

 

 

 

 

Deferred leasing costs and intangible assets

 

 

128,973

 

 

85,172

 

 

969,036

 

 

1,006,469

 

 

511

 

 

526

Other assets

 

 

15,966

 

 

13,356

 

 

581,848

 

 

573,229

 

 

44,637

 

 

67,465

Due from affiliates

 

 

61,455

 

 

41,458

 

 

 

 

 

 

5,830

 

 

3,902

 

 

$

1,056,304

 

$

875,422

 

$

8,202,974

 

$

8,149,171

 

$

1,472,888

 

$

1,728,390

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Corporate debt

 

$

199,033

 

$

198,677

 

$

70,246

 

$

70,120

 

$

300,492

 

$

300,115

Non-recourse investment-level debt

 

 

 

 

 

 

4,751,701

 

 

4,586,765

 

 

349

 

 

463

Intangible liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

28,441

 

 

29,824

 

 

 

 

Other liabilities

 

 

218,712

 

 

342,696

 

 

721,319

 

 

725,236

 

 

193,537

 

 

204,164

 

 

$

417,745

 

$

541,373

 

$

5,571,707

 

$

5,411,945

 

$

494,378

 

$

504,742

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Redeemable noncontrolling interests

 

 

1,098

 

 

680

 

 

 

 

 

 

106,315

 

 

99,894

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Noncontrolling interests in investment entities (excluding assets held for disposition)

 

 

151,985

 

 

136,668

 

 

2,369,836

 

 

2,463,559

 

 

127,770

 

 

113,390

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share data, unaudited)

 

 

 

Three Months Ended March 31,

 

 

 

 

2023

 

 

 

2022

 

 

Revenues

 

 

 

 

 

Fee income

 

$

59,126

 

 

$

42,837

 

 

Carried interest allocation (reversal)

 

 

(54,756

)

 

 

(31,079

)

 

Principal investment income (loss)

 

 

3,562

 

 

 

6,454

 

 

Property operating income

 

 

230,927

 

 

 

202,511

 

 

Other income

 

 

11,301

 

 

 

12,111

 

 

Total revenues

 

 

250,160

 

 

 

232,834

 

 

Expenses

 

 

 

 

 

Property operating expense

 

 

97,126

 

 

 

84,003

 

 

Interest expense

 

 

67,196

 

 

 

44,030

 

 

Investment expense

 

 

5,751

 

 

 

9,565

 

 

Transaction-related costs

 

 

8,527

 

 

 

165

 

 

Depreciation and amortization

 

 

141,574

 

 

 

128,567

 

 

Compensation expense - cash and equity-based

 

 

74,650

 

 

 

65,542

 

 

Compensation expense (reversal) - carried interest and incentive fee

 

 

(36,831

)

 

 

(20,352

)

 

Administrative expenses

 

 

26,506

 

 

 

27,885

 

 

Total expenses

 

 

384,499

 

 

 

339,405

 

 

Other income (loss)

 

 

 

 

 

Other gain (loss), net

 

 

(142,745

)

 

 

(149,881

)

 

Income (loss) before income taxes

 

 

(277,084

)

 

 

(256,452

)

 

Income tax benefit (expense)

 

 

(1,042

)

 

 

7,413

 

 

Income (loss) from continuing operations

 

 

(278,126

)

 

 

(249,039

)

 

Income (loss) from discontinued operations

 

 

(14,218

)

 

 

(94,645

)

 

Net income (loss)

 

 

(292,344

)

 

 

(343,684

)

 

Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:

 

 

 

 

 

Redeemable noncontrolling interests

 

 

6,943

 

 

 

(11,220

)

 

Investment entities

 

 

(84,828

)

 

 

(63,045

)

 

Operating Company

 

 

(16,662

)

 

 

(22,862

)

 

Net income (loss) attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc.

 

 

(197,797

)

 

 

(246,557

)

 

Preferred stock dividends

 

 

14,676

 

 

 

15,759

 

 

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders

 

$

(212,473

)

 

$

(262,316

)

 

Income (loss) per share—basic

 

 

 

 

 

Income (loss) from continuing operations per share—basic

 

$

(1.25

)

 

$

(1.27

)

 

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders per share—basic

 

$

(1.34

)

 

$

(1.84

)

 

Income (loss) per share—diluted

 

 

 

 

 

Income (loss) from continuing operations per share—diluted

 

$

(1.25

)

 

$

(1.27

)

 

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders per share—diluted

 

$

(1.34

)

 

$

(1.84

)

 

Weighted average number of shares

 

 

 

 

 

Basic

 

 

158,446

 

 

 

142,485

 

 

Diluted

 

 

158,446

 

 

 

142,485

 

 

Supplemental Schedule to Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In thousands, unaudited)

 

 

 

Investment Management

 

Operating

 

Corporate and Other

 

 

Three Months Ended March 31,

 

Three Months Ended March 31,

 

Three Months Ended March 31,

 

 

 

2023

 

 

 

2022

 

 

 

2023

 

 

 

2022

 

 

 

2023

 

 

 

2022

 

Revenues

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fee income

 

$

60,098

 

 

$

43,637

 

 

$

 

 

$

 

 

$

(972

)

 

$

(800

)

Carried interest allocation

 

 

(54,756

)

 

 

(31,079

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Principal investment income (loss)

 

 

318

 

 

 

17

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3,244

 

 

 

6,437

 

Property operating income

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

230,927

 

 

 

202,511

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other income

 

 

1,169

 

 

 

1,256

 

 

 

737

 

 

 

11

 

 

 

9,395

 

 

 

10,844

 

Total revenues

 

 

6,829

 

 

 

13,831

 

 

 

231,664

 

 

 

202,522

 

 

 

11,667

 

 

 

16,481

 

Expenses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Property operating expense

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

97,126

 

 

 

84,003

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Interest expense

 

 

2,603

 

 

 

2,502

 

 

 

59,984

 

 

 

36,184

 

 

 

4,609

 

 

 

5,344

 

Investment expense

 

 

536

 

 

 

1,140

 

 

 

5,203

 

 

 

8,016

 

 

 

12

 

 

 

409

 

Transaction-related costs

 

 

5,192

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3,335

 

 

 

165

 

Depreciation and amortization

 

 

6,409

 

 

 

5,276

 

 

 

134,699

 

 

 

122,891

 

 

 

466

 

 

 

400

 

Compensation expense—cash and equity-based

 

 

28,182

 

 

 

24,808

 

 

 

27,179

 

 

 

19,956

 

 

 

19,289

 

 

 

20,778

 

Compensation expense (reversal)—incentive fee and carried interest

 

 

(36,831

)

 

 

(20,352

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Administrative expenses

 

 

6,407

 

 

 

4,171

 

 

 

7,240

 

 

 

6,899

 

 

 

12,859

 

 

 

16,815

 

Total expenses

 

 

12,498

 

 

 

17,545

 

 

 

331,431

 

 

 

277,949

 

 

 

40,570

 

 

 

43,911

 

Other gains (losses), net

 

 

3,082

 

 

 

(3,055

)

 

 

1,769

 

 

 

956

 

 

 

(147,596

)

 

 

(147,782

)

Losses from continuing operations before income taxes

 

 

(2,587

)

 

 

(6,769

)

 

 

(97,998

)

 

 

(74,471

)

 

 

(176,499

)

 

 

(175,212

)

Income tax benefit (expense)

 

 

(217

)

 

 

(2,374

)

 

 

56

 

 

 

330

 

 

 

(881

)

 

 

9,457

 

Loss from continuing operations

 

 

(2,804

)

 

 

(9,143

)

 

 

(97,942

)

 

 

(74,141

)

 

 

(177,380

)

 

 

(165,755

)

Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Redeemable noncontrolling interests

 

 

418

 

 

 

(3,266

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6,525

 

 

 

(7,954

)

Investment entities

 

 

(857

)

 

 

2,349

 

 

 

(86,254

)

 

 

(60,196

)

 

 

1,766

 

 

 

977

 

Operating Company

 

 

(167

)

 

 

(624

)

 

 

(899

)

 

 

(1,121

)

 

 

(14,522

)

 

 

(14,007

)

Loss from continuing operations attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc.

 

$

(2,198

)

 

$

(7,602

)

 

$

(10,789

)

 

$

(12,824

)

 

$

(171,149

)

 

$

(144,771

)

Distributable Earnings (DE)

(In thousands, except per share data, unaudited)

 

 

Three Months Ended

 

 

March 31, 2023

 

March 31, 2022

 

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders

$

(212,473

)

 

$

(262,316

)

 

Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling common interests in Operating Company

 

(16,662

)

 

 

(22,862

)

 

Net income (loss) attributable to common interests in Operating Company and common stockholders

 

(229,135

)

 

 

(285,178

)

 

Adjustments for Distributable Earnings (DE):

 

 

 

 

Transaction-related and restructuring charges(1)

 

18,391

 

 

 

24,668

 

 

Other (gain) loss, net (excluding realized gain or loss related to digital assets and fund investments in Corporate and Other)

 

141,229

 

 

 

130,224

 

 

Unrealized carried interest (allocation) reversal, net of associated compensation (expense) reversal

 

18,240

 

 

 

13,078

 

 

Compensation expense - equity-based

 

16,339

 

 

 

18,720

 

 

Depreciation and amortization

 

141,220

 

 

 

130,597

 

 

Straight-line rent revenue and expense

 

(1,727

)

 

 

(2,548

)

 

Amortization of acquired above- and below-market lease values, net

 

26

 

 

 

(248

)

 

Impairment reversal (loss)

 

 

 

 

23,802

 

 

Non-revenue enhancing capital expenditures

 

(8,564

)

 

 

(1,372

)

 

Finance lease interest expense, debt prepayment penalties and amortization of deferred financing costs, debt premiums and discounts

 

15,523

 

 

 

98,465

 

 

Income tax effect on certain of the foregoing adjustments

 

 

 

 

(589

)

 

Adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities

 

(118,563

)

 

 

(132,237

)

 

DE from discontinued operations(4)

 

3,656

 

 

 

(22,446

)

 

After-tax DE

$

(3,365

)

 

$

(5,064

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

DE per common share / common OP unit(2)

$

(0.02

)

 

$

(0.03

)

 

DE per common share / common OP unit—diluted(2)(3)

$

(0.02

)

 

$

(0.03

)

 

Weighted average number of common OP units outstanding used for DE per common share and OP unit(2)

 

173,127

 

 

 

157,248

 

 

Weighted average number of common OP units outstanding used for DE per common share and OP unit—diluted (2)(3)

 

173,127

 

 

 

157,248

 

 

_________

(1)

Restructuring charges primarily represent costs and charges incurred as a result of corporate restructuring and reorganization to implement the digital evolution. These costs and charges include severance, retention, relocation, transition, shareholder settlement and other related restructuring costs, which are not reflective of the Company’s core operating performance.

(2)

Calculated based on weighted average shares outstanding including participating securities and assuming the exchange of all common OP units outstanding for common shares.

(3)

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, excluded from the calculation of diluted DE per share are Class A common stock or OP units issuable in connection with performance stock units, performance based restricted stock units and Wafra’s warrants, of which the issuance and/or vesting are subject to the performance of the Company's stock price or the achievement of certain Company specific metrics, and the effect of adding back interest expense associated with convertible senior notes and weighted average dilutive common share equivalents for the assumed conversion of the convertible senior notes as the effect of including such interest expense and common share equivalents would be antidilutive.

(4)

During the first quarter of 2023, the Company sold all of its equity investment in BrightSpire Capital, Inc. (NYSE: BRSP). The Company's investment in BRSP qualified as held for sale and discontinued operations in March 2023. Accordingly, for all prior periods presented, the equity method investment in BRSP is presented as assets held for disposition on the consolidated balance sheets and equity method earnings (loss) from BRSP is presented as loss from discontinued operations on the consolidated statements of operations. This change is reflected retrospectively.

Distributable Earnings (DE)

DE is an after-tax measure that differs from GAAP net income or loss from continuing operations as a result of the following adjustments, including adjustment for our share of similar items recognized by our equity method investments, where applicable: transaction-related costs; restructuring charges (primarily severance and retention costs); realized and unrealized gains or losses, except realized gains or losses related to digital assets, including fund investments, in Corporate and Other; depreciation, amortization and impairment charges; interest expense on finance leases; debt prepayment penalties and amortization of deferred financing costs, debt premiums and discounts; our share of unrealized carried interest allocation, net of associated compensation expense; equity-based compensation costs; effect of straight-line lease income and expense; impairment of equity investments directly attributable to decrease in value of depreciable real estate held by the investee; non-revenue enhancing capital expenditures necessary to maintain operating real estate; and income tax effect on certain of the foregoing adjustments. Income taxes included in DE reflect the benefit of deductions arising from certain expenses that are excluded from the calculation of DE, such as equity-based compensation, as these deductions do decrease actual income tax paid or payable by the Company in any one period There are no differences in the Company’s measurement of DE and AFFO. Therefore, previously reported AFFO is the equivalent to DE and prior period information has not been recast. DE is presented on a reportable segment basis and for the Company in total.

We believe that DE is a meaningful supplemental measure as it reflects the ongoing operating performance of our core business by generally excluding items that are non-core in nature and allows for our operating results to be more comparable period-over-period and relative to other companies in similar lines of business.