A heavy hauler trucks transports material from Suncor's North Steepbank Mine in the oilsands in Fort McMurray Alta.JASON FRANSON/The Canadian Press
The pressing global need to slash emissions in the face of a growing climate crisis is driving renewed interest in nuclear power – and few places more so than in Canada’s oil sands.
While the idea of using nuclear power to replace the fossil fuels burned in oil-sands production has been bandied about for years, some experts say the reality could be just a decade or so away. On paper, at least, there is more potential to deploy small modular reactor (SMR) technology in the oil-sands region of Alberta than anywhere else in the country.
“Without a doubt the oil sands is the biggest market for small modular reactors in Canada,” said John Gorman, president and chief executive of the Canadian Nuclear Association. “It’s something that some companies are very actively looking at.”
Small modular reactors are a type of nuclear design that is far smaller than a traditional nuclear reactor. Generating between 10 and 300 MW of energy, SMRs are fully scalable and are designed to be built economically in factory conditions, rather than on site such as a large-scale conventional reactor.
While SMRs are not yet commercially available, the technology is getting close. The International Atomic Energy Agency estimates that nearly 100 SMRs could be operating around the world by 2030. In Canada, four provinces – New Brunswick, Ontario, Saskatchewan and Alberta – have agreed to collaborate on the advancement of SMRs as a clean energy option, and Canadian researchers are working on new materials and designs that could make SMRs practical in a large range of new uses.
Proponents say SMRs could potentially be used not only to provide clean electricity to smaller electricity grids, such as those in rural areas, but also to provide heat for natural resource industries. In the oil sands, operators use massive amounts of high-temperature heat to produce the steam needed to extract bitumen from sand – and they get that heat by burning natural gas.
In total, the oil and gas industry accounts for 30 per cent of Canada’s natural gas consumption, which means confronting the industry’s fossil-fuel usage will be key if Canada is to meet its climate commitments.
The oil-sands industry itself – through an organization called Pathways Alliance, which is made up of Canadian Natural Resources Ltd., Cenovus Energy Inc., ConocoPhillips Canada, Imperial Oil Ltd., MEG Energy Corp. and Suncor Energy Inc. – has committed to reducing greenhouse-gas emissions from oil-sands production by 22 million tonnes annually by 2030, and reaching a goal of net-zero emissions by 2050.
To help get there, the Pathways Alliance has proposed a major carbon capture and storage transportation line that would capture carbon dioxide from oil-sands facilities and transport it to a storage facility near Cold Lake, Alta. That project alone could deliver about 10 million tonnes of emissions reductions a year and could be up and running by the end of the decade.
But Pathways has also formed a committee to formally explore nuclear as an alternative to natural gas in oil-sands production.
“Absolutely, we are looking at SMRs as a low or no-emission source of the high temperature heat we need,” said Martha Hall Findlay, chief climate officer for Suncor Energy Inc. “But it has to be economically viable. It has to make sense.”
Ms. Findlay said the industry will need clarity around what level of government financial support, if any, will be available for SMRs. There are also questions around the regulatory process, given the energy sector’s frustrating experience in recent years getting large-scale projects approved.
“It’s Canada – it takes a really long time to build anything,” she said. “But if we want to see implementation by 2030, or into the early 2030s, we have to be doing this stuff now. We have to be looking at it now.”
Dan Wicklum, president and CEO of non-profit advisory group The Transition Accelerator and the former CEO of the Canadian Oil Sands Innovation Alliance, said the energy industry has formally evaluated the nuclear opportunity in the past and discarded it, largely because of cost.
But he said the industry’s new target of net-zero emissions “changes everything.”
“We can no longer just do the things we were going to do to reduce emissions. Optionality has fallen off the table for us,” Mr. Wicklum said. “In an emissions elimination paradigm, there’s no question that nuclear is being taken very seriously.”
However, Mr. Wicklum added that for any large-scale emissions-reduction project to get off the ground, governments and industry will have to come to an agreement about who is accountable to pay for them.
“Industry is looking to the federal government to say, ‘make it worth our while,’ " he said. “They want more taxpayer dollars. They’ve essentially said there’s not enough public support right now for them to act. And because of that, I think, the feasibility of SMRs – as well as carbon capture and storage, and so on – is completely in question.”
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