Iran is likely to ride out the storm from U.S. oil sanctions, suffering recession but no economic meltdown, thanks to rising crude prices and deepening divisions between the United States and other major powers, officials and analysts say.
“Iran’s situation is better than pre-2016 because of high oil prices and the fact that the U.S. is isolated this time,” said a European diplomat who asked not to be further identified.
Iran emerged in early 2016, from years of global sanctions under a deal with world powers that curbed its disputed nuclear program. But President Donald Trump withdrew the United States from the deal in May, calling it flawed to Iran’s advantage, and reimposed far-reaching U.S. sanctions in phases, with the most damaging oil and banking penalties taking effect on Nov. 5.
Mr. Trump aims to force Washington’s longtime adversary to accept tougher restrictions on its nuclear activity, drop its ballistic missile program and scale back support for militant proxies in Middle East conflicts from Yemen to Syria.
But the broadly united front of world powers that enforced sanctions on Iran previously, pushing Iran into nuclear restraint, has unraveled since Mr. Trump took office and clashed with allies over everything from trade to collective security.
The other signatories to the nuclear deal – Germany, France, Britain, the European Union, Russia and China – have condemned Mr. Trump’s walkout from the pact. The EU is preparing a special mechanism to enable payments for Iranian oil and other exports without U.S. dollars, possibly through a barter system.
“It will be a difficult period but Iran’s economy will withstand it for various reasons,” a second diplomat said, “including [the fact of] Russia being under [U.S. and EU] sanctions, Saudi Arabia having its own financial and political issues, and [trade war] between China and the United States.”
Big power disunity and EU moves to circumvent Mr. Trump’s sanctions regime have given Tehran a psychological boost – but not dissuaded foreign businesses ranging from oil majors to trading houses and shipping concerns from pulling out of Iran for fear of incurring new U.S. penalties.
RECESSION BUT NO MELTDOWN
Still, while the U.S. clampdown will probably trigger recession in Iran next year, economic meltdown should be avoided, with a reduced but still significant volume of oil exports continuing, a Fitch solutions analyst said.
“Tehran is still likely to see a substantial share of its foreign exchange earnings maintained,” Andrine Skjelland told Reuters. “This will enable Tehran to continue subsidizing imports of selected basic goods, keeping the costs of these down and thus limiting inflation to some extent.”
In hopes of mitigating the immediate economic hit, Iranian authorities have hinted that Tehran might have to sell its oil at a discount to entice buyers going forward.
“Oil revenues might decline but [they] will still be enough to run the country,” said an official involved in Iran’s international commerce. “If we sell our oil for $1 less than market price, it will have tens of buyers.”
In another counter-measure made possible by state control of the oil sector, Iranian authorities are using special exchange centers to sell dollars at cheaper rates to importers of basic foods, medicine and other essential goods.
IHS Markit senior economist Patrick Schneider doubted that Iran could cushion the economic blow in the near term.
“Despite the rhetoric and attempts to mitigate the downside effects..., uncertainty will remain prevalent for the next 6-12 months,” he told Reuters.
The International Monetary Fund has forecast that Iran’s economy will contract in 2018 by 1.5 per cent and by 3.6 per cent in 2019 due to the dwindling of oil revenues.
At the same time the World Bank anticipates inflation in Iran jumping to 23.8 per cent in 2018-19 from 9.6 per cent in 2017-18, and to 31.2 per cent in 2019-20.
DEFIANCE
But Iranian officials are defiant, citing Mr. Trump’s isolation in repudiating the nuclear deal, climbing oil prices and Mr. Trump’s agreement to grant sanctions waivers to eight countries especially dependent on Iranian crude.
“Crude prices are rising. Even if Iran’s oil sales drop to 800,000 barrels a day, we will be able to run the economy. But we will send much more than that. Our economy will be far from collapse,” said a senior Iranian official.
“Our budget is based on oil of $57 per barrel and is now over $75 per barrel.”
In October, Iran’s crude exports were estimated at 1.82 million barrels a day by data intelligence company Kpler and 1.5 million b/d by another firm that traces Iranian shipments.
Mr. Trump granted 180-day sanctions waivers to China, India, South Korea, Japan, Italy, Greece, Taiwan and Turkey, which together took in over 80 per cent of Iran oil exports last year, Refinitiv Eikon data shows.
“Even without the exemptions, we will sell our oil. We will bypass sanctions. We have so many countries that are on our side. America cannot do a damn thing,” said a senior official close to Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.
The sanctions, however, will inevitably erode Iran’s state finances and raise already high inflation and jobless rates, making life harder for ordinary Iranians.
Since May, when Mr. Trump took Washington out of the nuclear deal, prices of bread, cooking oil and other staples have soared and the value of the rial currency has plunged.
The rial’s weakness has sent prices of some imports rocketing, destroying jobs as some factories using imported parts have folded. Around 70 per cent of small factories, businesses and workshops have begun to close down in the past few months due to scarcity of raw materials and hard currency, according to the Iranian state news agency IRNA.
Moreover, Mr. Trump’s sanctions against Iran’s financial sector essentially make 30 banks and their subsidiaries off-limits to foreign lenders, undermining its means to facilitate trade.
Still, Iran demonstrated considerable resilience and ingenuity in coping with earlier international sanctions, and there is little to suggest Tehran could not do this again.
While ordinary Iranians struggled, Iran’s clerical and security establishment and business world sought kept the economy running by means including resorting to barter as well as foreign currencies other than the U.S. dollar.